Update Docker image to ubuntu 24.04 (#3925)

- Replace legacy key-value for environment variables
- Remove unnecessary '.' from 'cmake -S . -B build -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release .' because '-S' already specifies source directory
- Update .dockerignore entries to avoid unnecessary copying to container
- Update INSTALL instructions
- Remove redundant '.' in cmake command
- Use explicit code block formatting instead of indentation
- Use '#' to mark headlines
- Use semantic linebreaks
- Fix Operating System Notes section
- Use backticks for file names and command calls
- Use 'CMake' when referring to the application, not the command call

docker/task.dockerfile

@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-FROM ubuntu:22.04 AS base
+FROM ubuntu:24.04 AS base
 
 FROM base AS builder
 
-ENV DEBIAN_FRONTEND noninteractive
+ENV DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive
 
 RUN apt-get update && \
     apt-get install -y \
@@ -14,9 +14,9 @@ RUN apt-get update && \
             uuid-dev
 
 # Setup language environment
-ENV LC_ALL en_US.UTF-8
-ENV LANG en_US.UTF-8
-ENV LANGUAGE en_US.UTF-8
+ENV LC_ALL=en_US.UTF-8
+ENV LANG=en_US.UTF-8
+ENV LANGUAGE=en_US.UTF-8
 
 # Add source directory
 ADD .. /root/code/
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ RUN curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs > rustup.sh && \
 RUN git clean -dfx && \
     git submodule init && \
     git submodule update && \
-    cmake -S . -B build -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release . && \
+    cmake -S . -B build -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release && \
     cmake --build build -j 8
 
 FROM base AS runner